I have the privilege of being accepted as one of the presenters during the Technical Sessions at the 23rd Annual Caribbean Water and Wastewater Association (CWWA) Conference and Exhibition scheduled for October 6-10, 2014 at Atlantis Resorts on Paradise Island, Bahamas. Here is the Abstract of my paper:

Regional droughts in the Caribbean are common. Water managers seeking solutions to water scarcity are often unfamiliar with the option of using water-from-air technology. Maps of the specific humidity composite mean for Junes and Decembers during the ten-year period 2004–2013 quantify the water-from-air resource demonstrating it is suitable for operation of water-from-air systems in Caribbean countries. Quantitative investigations by the author found droughts and long-term climate change do not appear to affect the magnitude of the Caribbean region’s water-from-air resource. Case studies include one for a proposed water-from-air commercial greenhouse on Grand Turk. Another case is about the experience of commissioning a 2500 L/d water-from-air machine in Belize City. Lessons learned from the case studies are outlined.

Water security appears to be the subject of many search engine queries in North America. Although other countries do not appear on the regional interest list this does not indicate necessarily an absence of queries but rather a low volume of queries. Qualitatively, it seems that interest in water security has been fairly stable during the last year.

Food security was clearly of concern during the previous 12 months in Kenya, Nigeria, South Africa, India, and Australia as well as in North America and the UK. There appears to be a recent upsurge of interest in food security.

In the context of these regions, the WaterProducer-Greenhouse™ may be investigated as a possible water-plus-food-security solution for small tropical islands, with access to deep cold ocean water, associated with especially India (Lakshadweep, Andaman Islands, Nicobar Islands), Australia (Coral Sea Islands), and USA (SE Florida, Florida Keys).

The Turks and Caicos Islands Government has contracted with a joint venture of Matrix Enviro, Ltd. and Aqua-Chem, Inc. to build a new 300,000 US gallons per day reverse osmosis plant on Grand Turk. More information is available at:

• Aqua-Chem, Inc. Awarded 4th Contract...

• New Grand Turk water plant doubles water capacity

Will this development affect the viability of the Grand Turk Water-Producer-Greenhouse™ Project? Probably not, for the following reasons:

• Although reverse-osmosis (RO) product water is potable, our CIDA project studies found it was not favoured by consumers—bottled water imported from Florida or locally produced was in high demand;

• Water produced by our project would have minor or no salt content because it would be produced by condensing water vapour from the air;
• Our product water could be used directly by beverage and food manufacturers without undergoing further treatment. We discovered a local water bottler had to run the RO water through additional RO cycles to produce an acceptable product; and
  
• Our project uniquely integrates 50,000 US gallons per day water production and hydroponic horticulture for producing commercial quantities of fresh vegetables and fruits

After 10 years of maintaining the infrastructure for the WaterProducer-Greenhouse™ project but with still no prospect of the first installation being funded and built, it is all too easy to become discouraged. Therefore, I was keen to see what the recently released Global Trends 2030, published by the National Intelligence Council (USA), would say that could be relevant to the project. I found this discussion on pages 93–94 of the report:

Water management will be critical to achieving
global food security because agriculture today
requires irrigation for 40 percent of its production
and consumes approximately 70 percent of global
freshwater supplies. Currently, agricultural irrigation
wastes about 60 percent of the water withdrawn from
freshwater sources.

Efficient water management will be required to sustain
a necessary increase in agricultural productivity.
Even though desalination technologies might be
economically feasible for household and industrial
water, such technologies are unlikely to produce
irrigation water from saline waters at a low enough
cost to be feasible for agricultural use. As water
scarcity increases, adopting technologies that increase
water-use efficiency will be the only option farmers
will have for confronting global water scarcity.
The array of such technologies includes precision
agriculture and GM drought-tolerant and salt-tolerant
crops as well as micro-irrigation systems and
hydroponic greenhouse technologies.

Efficient direct use of a 'new' source of water, the water vapour in the air, combined with commercial-scale hydroponic horticulture does appear to be a worthwhile technological option for tropical small islands.

Long-term viability of the water-producing greenhouse system results from the project strategy of addressing the basic human needs for food and water. Both food and water are scarce on numerous tropical small islands around the globe. Population and tourism growth have overwhelmed the natural carrying capacity of most populated small islands. Small island businesses and governments are seeking technological means to increase island carrying capacity. Funding will allow drilling a 600 m deep test borehole with the intent of showing that this system is an acceptable commercial risk as a full-scale project on Grand Turk and similar tropical small islands composed of carbonate rock. The project’s business model (shown below) of a successful Grand Turk commercial water-producing greenhouse operation combined with drinking-water bottling can be franchised to entrepreneurs in many other tropical small island locations (see list of viable island locations in CDTI’s Technical Bulletin No. 3).

With successful drilling of a test borehole, proving technical feasibility, we expect financing will become easier to obtain. Financing would allow a full-scale commercial operation to commence as a demonstration project on Grand Turk. Beneficiaries would include the people of TCI who would achieve improved food and drinking water security with accompanying health improvements. Our first commercial operation will demonstrate how a WaterProducer-Greenhouse™ acts like a socio-economic engine, stimulating the regional economy, much as would a new resort, hotel, railway, or cruise ship dock. We expect widespread interest to develop through our marketing activities, thereby making it possible to replicate the project on other islands in TCI and on other tropical small islands worldwide (see list of viable locations in the following excerpt from CDTI’s Technical Bulletin No. 3).

The project was the subject of a CAD 205,000 CIDA Viability Study from 2001 to 2003. CIDA contributed 80% of the study cost. Tangible results from the study included production of nine comprehensive reports (Technical Feasibility, Financial and Commercial Viability, Regulatory Framework Analysis, Environmental Assessment for well-drilling, Environmental Assessment for entire proposed installation and operation, Training Plan, Gender Analysis and Social Integration Plan, and Partnership Agreement) which were all approved by CIDA’s experts. The project’s website, includes summaries of the reports. Efforts to fund the test borehole and first phase construction activities have been unsuccessful. Without having results of the test borehole available, it has been difficult to attract interest in financing the project. The water-producing greenhouse construction on Grand Turk (population 3,700) has not occurred. Therefore, the potential beneficiaries of the project, the people of TCI (population 45,000), remain waiting for progress on the project.  Once the project is completed, the entire country of Turks and Caicos Islands will benefit from:

Economic diversification

1. Import substitution for bottled water, fresh vegetables, and fruit
2. Sales of fresh vegetables and fruits to distributors, wholesalers, retailers, restaurants, and value-added manufacturers (for example, salsas and juices)
3. Sales of fresh water to local government, water tankers, breweries, and water-bottling businesses
4. Export sales of premium brand 500 mL water bottles
5. Sales of value-added “sports drinks” (electrolytes added)
6. Selling greenhouse tours and bottled water to cruise ship tourists

New local employment opportunities

• About 10 skilled jobs per greenhouse site

Expanded needs for skills and technologies

1. Crop growing requirements
2. Plant competition
3. Crop Diseases, Pests, and Physiological Disorders
4. Integrated Pest Management
5. Harvesting and packing
6. Storage and transportation requirements
7. Water quality monitoring
8. Environmental issues (Recycling and waste reduction)
9. Equipment use and maintenance

A water-from-air production system improves local access to fresh water without the negative effects of existing approaches: depleting scarce surface or groundwater freshwater supplies or producing brine by-products and chemical pollution as does desalination (flash distillation or reverse osmosis). The WaterProducing-Greenhouse™ system, in common with other drinking-water-from-air systems, has relatively low environmental impact. Read about the details in our Technical Bulletins:

• Technical Bulletin No. 1—WaterProducer-Greenhouse™ and Reverse Osmosis Desalination Compared

• Technical Bulletin No. 5—Environmental impact of widespread use of drinking-water-from-air systems

After successfully completing a Viability Study for the Grand Turk WaterProducer-Greenhouse™, we have reached a project decision point. The concrete step or major activity required now is to drill a test borehole at the proposed Greenhouse site on the island of Grand Turk to determine well flow rate, temperature profile, drawdown, and recovery. Once known, we intend to proceed with final, site-specific design of the greenhouse system, and ultimately meet our objective, construction of a facility that will be of significant benefit to the people of Grand Turk and neighbouring islands in TCI.

We are working in an area of the world where few deep wells exist. Our drilling contractor stated, “[we are] recommending that a test hole be drilled as soon as possible on this site. We would use modern diamond drilling techniques to economically drill a hole to a depth of 600 meters with core samples recovered through the hole…At this time there is no information available about the ground conditions and what might be encountered at these depths. Therefore it has been very difficult to plan and budget for a large diameter well drilling project.”

Although prepared for a negative result from the test borehole, we consider the risk of failure to be relatively low, based on the following facts:

• In the Bahamas, which have similar hydrogeology to Grand Turk, cooling water for large-scale air conditioning is pumped from wells at high rates. For example, the Holiday Inn on Paradise Island has a 115 m deep well from which natural coolant is abstracted at 188 L/s [Weech, P. S. (1997) Deep-well disposal in the Bahamas. Bahamas J. of Science, 6/97, 6-13]. Our 4-well design needs rates of 64 L/s per well

• The recent (2010) Nassau, Bahamas airport project used wells 120 m deep for its chilled water air conditioning system [thebahamasweekly.com - New Providence, Bank of the Bahamas gets firsthand tour of airport facility, By Diane Phillips and Associates, Aug 30, 2010]

• An existing 15 m deep well at the inland Greenhouse site exhibited water quality parameters for sodium, sulphate, magnesium, potassium, and  bicarbonate that are similar to ocean water [Roland Wahlgren interpreting water quality data collected by Hydrogeologist E. Hall for the Pre-Drilling Environmental Impact Assessment in our CIDA project]

• The temperature to depth profile of the existing well, if extrapolated linearly, predicts that cool 15 °C saline water should be encountered at a depth of about 140 m [Roland Wahlgren interpreting water temperature to depth data collected by Hydrogeologist E. Hall for the Pre-Drilling Environmental Impact Assessment in our CIDA project]

• Oceanographic soundings in the waters surrounding Grand Turk show the 15 °C isotherm to be at the 450 m depth [Wahlgren, R. V. (2002) Technical Feasibility Study for our CIDA Project]

Hydrogeologists have noted that islands of the Bahamas platform are cavernous, even at depth. The evidence comes from drilling bit drops and loss of circulation of drilling mud, even to depths of 3000 m [Whitaker F.F and Smart, P.L. (1990) Active circulation of saline ground waters in carbonate platforms: Evidence from the Great Bahama Bank. Geology 18, 200-203]. Pump tests in the Bahamas have shown relatively high hydraulic conductivities [Whitaker F.F and Smart, P.L. (2000) Characterising scale-dependence of hydraulic conductivity in carbonates: evidence from the Bahamas. Journal of Geochemical Exploration 69-70, 133-137].

A specific issue facing the 3,700 people living on the island of Grand Turk in the Turks and Caicos Islands is that access to drinking water is inconsistent and fresh water shortages are common. The relatively small consumer and industrial base on the island and its isolated location creates access and importation challenges, making fresh water and fresh produce expensive. Most goods are imported first via the more heavily populated island of Providenciales. In fact, the population of Grand Turk is dependent on imported fresh produce and bottled drinking water to a degree that makes the population vulnerable to health risks when transportation links are broken during natural or human-caused disasters. Our specific objective is to build, on Grand Turk, a water-producing greenhouse system that obtains fresh water from the ambient moist tropical air to provide irrigation water for a commercial greenhouse operation growing food crops and yields surplus water for drinking water bottling. The design of the system provides a relatively cool growing area so that temperate climate food crops grow at sea level in a tropical climate. Immediate beneficiaries of the project are the people of Grand Turk who will enjoy improved food and water security with attendant health benefits such as better nutrition. Our greenhouse system would benefit local employment. Wider benefits from the greenhouse, encompassing the entire TCI, will be much-needed economic diversification, new jobs in other businesses that interact with the greenhouse operation, and introduction of new skills and technologies.